What is Ulcerative Colitis?
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes long-lasting inflammation and sores (ulcers) in the digestive tract, primarily affecting the inner lining of the colon (large intestine) and rectum.
Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis
Symptoms of ulcerative colitis can vary depending on the severity of inflammation and the part of the colon affected. Common symptoms include:
- Diarrhea, often with blood or pus
- Abdominal pain and cramping
- Rectal bleeding
- Urgency to defecate
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Fever
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, but it is believed to be an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells in the colon. Factors that may increase the risk of developing UC include:
- Age: UC can affect anyone, but it often begins in young adulthood.
- Family history: Having a family member with ulcerative colitis or another IBD increases the risk.
- Ethnicity: Caucasians and Ashkenazi Jews have a higher risk of developing UC.
- Environmental factors: Certain environmental triggers and living in urban areas may contribute to the risk.
Diagnosis
Diagnosing ulcerative colitis typically involves a combination of the following:
- Medical history and physical examination
- Blood tests to check for anemia or signs of inflammation
- Stool tests to rule out infections and check for blood
- Endoscopy (colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy) for visual examination of the colon and biopsy
Treatment Options
While there is currently no cure for ulcerative colitis, treatment aims to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms. Treatment options include:
- Medications: Anti-inflammatory medications, immunosuppressants, and biologic therapies.
- Nutritional support: Dietary changes and nutritional supplementation to address deficiencies and manage symptoms.
- Surgery: In severe cases, surgical options such as colectomy (removal of the colon) may be necessary.
Living with Ulcerative Colitis
Managing ulcerative colitis involves lifestyle adjustments and regular monitoring. Helpful strategies include:
- Keeping a food diary to identify trigger foods.
- Staying hydrated and maintaining a balanced diet.
- Regular exercise to manage stress and boost overall well-being.
- Joining support groups for emotional and social support.